AI governance

What the publications show

1. Financial supervisors report widespread use of AI, at over 90 per cent of banks supervised by the ECB and 65 per cent of European insurers. The ECB sees responsibility spread across IT, data teams, the business and control functions.

   ECB Banking Supervision, 2026 (opens in a new window) · EIOPA, 2026 (opens in a new window) · Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM), 2026 (opens in a new window) · ECB Banking Supervision (Supervision Newsletter), 2025 (opens in a new window)

2. Several studies find that employees use AI before any rules are in place. Among advisers to the Mexico City parliament, informal boundaries emerged that Tecnológico de Monterrey considers fragile; Halmstad University sees doctors’ use of AI exposing gaps in their own systems.

   Tecnológico de Monterrey, 2026 (opens in a new window) · Halmstad University, 2026 (opens in a new window) · Deloitte UK, 2026 (opens in a new window) · Centre Urbanisation Culture Société, 2026 (opens in a new window)

3. On AI agents, researchers find that existing governance mechanisms are being applied more strictly, or ought to be. Chief data officers in University of Manchester research name a steering committee as the main instrument and model ownership as a precondition.

   University of Manchester, 2026 (opens in a new window) · Royal Holloway University of London, 2026 (opens in a new window) · Capgemini Research Institute, 2026 (opens in a new window)

4. Since 2 February 2025, Article 4 of the AI Act has required organisations to take measures on AI literacy, and since 2 August 2026 supervisors have been able to enforce it. The law specifies no level or certificate.

   EU Artificial Intelligence Act (artificialintelligenceact.eu), 2025 (opens in a new window) · European Commission, 2025 (opens in a new window) · Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, 2025 (opens in a new window)

5. The European Parliament and the Dutch central government are working on rules for algorithmic management and platform work. In Sweden, by contrast, Karolinska Institutet finds that new European rules are holding back national initiatives, because overlapping rules make enforcement harder.

   European Parliament, 2025 (opens in a new window) · Rijksoverheid (ministerie van SZW), 2026 (opens in a new window) · Karolinska Institutet, 2025 (opens in a new window)

Topics within AI governance

This list shows what the publications on this theme are about, with the number for each topic. Open a topic to see its publications; if a topic has a briefing, the link is underneath.

• Financial supervision5 publications

  • AI in Nederlandse assetmanagementsector: gebruik groeit, risico’s groeien mee · Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM), 2026
  • Algorithmic governance in banking: a comparative analysis of risk-based and accountability-oriented oversight · Universidad de Alcalá, 2026
  • Technology is neutral, governance is not: AI adoption in the banking sector · ECB Banking Supervision, 2026
  • EIOPA survey on Generative AI shows swift but cautious adoption among Europe’s insurers · EIOPA, 2026
  • AI's impact on banking: use cases for credit scoring and fraud detection · ECB Banking Supervision (Supervision Newsletter), 2025
  Briefing: AI use and ownership in the financial sector, as supervisors see it →
• Shadow AI5 publications

  • What we do in the AI shadows (GenAI Workforce Survey 2026) · Deloitte UK, 2026
  • Governing Before Rules. Shadow AI among Legislative Advisors in Mexico City · Tecnológico de Monterrey, 2026
  • Shadow AI in Swedish Health Care: Qualitative Analysis of Physicians’ Free-Text Answers · Halmstad University, 2026
  • The deep (layered) state: shadow AI as statecraft dispositif · Centre Urbanisation Culture Société, 2026
  • AI in Nederlandse assetmanagementsector: gebruik groeit, risico’s groeien mee · Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM), 2026
  Briefing: Shadow AI: employees' own AI tools and the policy lagging behind →
• Governing AI agents3 publications

  • 68% of automotive organizations use or pilot agentic AI for product development, but only 5% report mature AI governance (Rewiring automotive product development) · Capgemini Research Institute, 2026
  • Realizing Agentic AI Value:A Systems Approach to Autonomy and Risk · Royal Holloway University of London, 2026
  • Artificial Intelligence Governance Mechanisms—The Chief Data Officer Perspective with a Focus on Agentic AI Governance · University of Manchester, 2026
  Briefing: Who is the agent's boss? Ownership, mandate and control of AI agents →
• AI literacy4 publications

  • Digital Omnibus on AI has been published · Cuatrecasas, 2026
  • Verder bouwen aan AI-geletterdheid (tweede handreiking) · Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens, 2025
  • AI Literacy: Questions & Answers · European Commission, 2025
  • Artikel 4: AI-geletterdheid (AI-verordening) · EU Artificial Intelligence Act (artificialintelligenceact.eu), 2025
  Briefing: AI literacy and the obligation under the AI Act →
• Rules for algorithms3 publications

  • Gelijker speelveld en betere positie platformwerker door nieuwe wet · Rijksoverheid (ministerie van SZW), 2026
  • Digitalisation, artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in the workplace: shaping the future of work (2025/2080(INL)) · European Parliament, 2025
  • (Un)healthy algorithms? Trade union, employer, and government action for safety and health in algorithmically managed work · Karolinska Institutet, 2025
• Healthcare3 publications

  • AI Monitor Ziekenhuizen 2026. Wat is de stand van zaken van AI bij Nederlandse ziekenhuizen? · M&I/Partners, 2026
  • Brief van de minister van VWS over de inzet van AI in zorg en welzijn (Kamerstuk 27 529, nr. 350) · Ministerie van VWS, 2025
  • Shadow AI in Swedish Health Care: Qualitative Analysis of Physicians’ Free-Text Answers · Halmstad University, 2026
  Briefing: AI use, training and AI policy among healthcare professionals →

Briefings on other themes that touch on this one

These briefings belong to another theme but also cover AI governance.